第19章 召公奭列传
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王朝法度,为天下立制度之根;召公奭持节巡陕东,镇抚万里封疆,协和诸侯、整饬吏治、宣化德教、亲理民务,为四海固生民之本。
制度可以立国,仁德方足以安民;朝堂可以定规,乡野方足以验政。大周开国,革殷弊、除苛法、废酷刑、轻徭赋,庙堂政令皆为利民之策、保民之谋。然天下治乱之根本,不在朝堂诏令之华美,而在乡闾民生之安乐;不在高官勋贵之称颂,而在细民百姓之心安。
彼时东方初定,山河广袤、州县星罗、乡野辽阔、民户繁密。新朝政令自上而下、层层传布,中枢美意、惠民良法,历经藩侯、邑宰、乡吏、里正层层中转,难免滋生阻滞、折损、偏颇、舞弊。权贵豪强盘踞乡野、兼并土地、倚势凌弱;基层吏胥贪惰成习、曲解政令、徇私枉法、壅塞仁恩;山野小民质朴愚钝、不知礼法、无从诉冤、无力维权,纵受欺压冤屈,亦难达于上官、难闻于朝堂。
天下最大之弊,不在于大奸大恶、叛乱割据,而在于上有良政、下无善治,朝有仁恩、野有沉冤。高官居朝堂而不见民苦,远吏守城邑而不恤民情,上下阻隔、朝野疏离、民情壅塞、民隐难伸,此乃乱世积弊之源、王朝衰微之始。
召公遍历东方列国、巡行州县封域、整肃藩镇乱象、澄清地方吏治之后,深知:治乱当重根本,为政必亲庶民。官不亲民,则不知民之疾苦;吏不接庶,则不明政之得失。高居公署、独坐朝堂,纵有万千良策,终是纸上空文、无济民生。
历朝历代之衰亡,莫不起于君臣远民、官府隔民、政令浮虚、民情隔绝。殷纣之败,非无法度,乃身居九重、隔绝百姓、沉迷奢暴、不闻民怨、不恤民苦、弃民如草芥,终致天下离心、土崩瓦解。
召公鉴前朝兴衰、观当世利弊、察民生实况,决意破除官场积习、摒弃官僚奢靡、脱离公署桎梏、躬身走入乡野阡陌、亲接黎民百姓、亲理民间讼狱、亲察庶民实情,以最朴之行、最实之政、最真之心,通朝野之隔、解万民之冤、布中枢之仁、固天下之本。
周初官场旧俗,自勋贵大臣至州县官吏,皆固守尊卑礼制、沿袭为官成习。高官重臣理政,必居高堂公署、坐威严正位、设仪仗威仪、待百姓匍匐叩拜、层层通传、逐级禀报;民间细民讼事、邻里纷争、乡闾小怨,皆由乡吏里正初审、邑丞邑宰再审、层层过滤、逐级决断,高官从不亲理细民琐事、不接山野小民、不问乡闾细讼。
官吏皆以亲理民讼、直面庶民为降尊、为琐碎、为辱身,视乡野民情为鄙陋、视百姓诉求为纷扰、视民间小讼为无关紧要。尊卑隔阂、层级森严、官民疏离、上下不通,遂使无数民间冤屈被层层隐匿、无数民生疾苦被层层遮掩、无数政令弊端被层层粉饰。
召公深恶此等积习弊风,当庭晓谕随行僚属、遍告东方州县官吏,破除百年官民隔阂之弊、重塑亲民理政之风:
“官者,民之父母;政者,民之依托。无民则无君,无庶则无官。民为社稷根基,讼乃民情明镜。民间争讼,无分大小;庶民疾苦,无分贵贱。邻里田土之争、衣食身家之怨、孤寡受欺之冤、弱小被凌之屈,于朝堂为细事,于百姓为毕生大事、身家根本、性命依托。
为官者,居高堂而拒民、恃尊卑而隔庶、厌细事而不理、轻小民而不恤,是弃其本心、失其职守、忘其根本、坏其社稷。朕代天子牧民、受天下重寄、担分陕重任,当去尊卑之执、破层级之弊、弃公署之拘、亲山野之民。凡民有讼、凡庶有冤、凡家有苦、凡乡有弊,吾皆亲听、亲审、亲断、亲平,不使一民含冤、不使一事沉滞、不使一弊留存!”
诏令既出,东方官场震动、州县官吏惊惧、百年陋习松动、森严尊卑瓦解。所有倚仗官威、疏离百姓、轻视民讼、隐匿民情的积弊风气,自此悄然改观。
召公遂罢公署坐堂审案之旧制、废层级传诉之成规,遍历陕东乡野,择乡间平易清净、草木葱郁、四通八达、万民易得之地,露天设案、就地理政、坐树听讼、直面苍生。
其所驻之地,多植甘棠古木。此木枝叶繁茂、亭亭如盖、荫覆广阔、温润清雅、不娇不艳、耐寒耐暑、生生不息、遍布乡野,无权贵府邸之威严、无公署朝堂之疏离、无尊卑礼法之拘束,最合质朴民生、最宜亲民理政。
甘棠树性温厚、荫庇万物、默默生长、无私遮护行人乡众,恰如仁政温润、默默护佑万民、不求声名、不事张扬、唯务安民。召公见而悦之,遂以甘棠树下为常设听讼之所,自此甘棠听讼、树下理民、阡陌察情、山野施政,成为大周亘古未有、万世传颂的亲民治世典范。
每值春耕既毕、农事稍闲、民生有序之时,召公便轻车简从、不带仪仗、不携重兵、不扰乡闾、不惊百姓,仅携一二文吏、数名随行,遍历乡野村落、往来阡陌田畴,坐于甘棠浓荫之下,布席设几、置简备笔,公开听讼、广接民声、受理冤屈、调
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