第3章 唐尧虞舜贤臣汇传
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风俗,居于阡陌则耕耘有序、勤勉务实。
其人天性仁厚、心性澄澈、处事公允、临事有断,无骄矜之气、无贪鄙之心、无浮躁之性。耕于历山,历山之人皆让畔,无人争田界、夺地利;渔于雷泽,雷泽之人皆让居,彼此相让、和睦共处;陶于河滨,河滨之器皆精良,无粗劣窳败、苟且敷衍之作。其所居之处,一年成聚、二年成邑、三年成都,万民归之、百姓安之、乡俗化之、人心向之,此乃天授大德、生民共仰之贤主也。”
四岳轮番进言、据实禀奏、不饰不夸、不隐不溢,尽数罗列舜之孝行、德行、民望、才干。尧帝听罢,心中疑虑渐消、圣心笃定,遂定考察舜之决意,开启禅让天下之万世伟业。后世唐虞禅让、王道传承、盛世永续,首功归于四岳荐贤之明、大公无私之忠。
四岳之功,不止荐舜定国本、安社稷,更在历代匡辅朝政、直言敢谏、补君之缺、纠政之失、协和诸侯、镇宁四方。尧朝之时,天下洪水横流、泛滥九州,浩浩怀山襄陵、万民流离、田亩淹没、城邑崩坏、生民困苦。朝堂忧惧、百官无措、治水无方、束手无策。
尧帝临朝问计,遍问群臣:“洪水滔天、荡荡怀山、浩浩襄陵、万民昏垫、流离失所、天下嗷嗷。谁可任治水大任、平水土、安万民、靖九州?”
百官默然、无人敢应。治水乃是天下至难至重之任,功成则万民赖之、万世安之,功败则罪责深重、万民受累、天下流离。众臣皆畏其难、惧其责、避其事。
四岳复又出班,同声举荐:“有崇伯鲧,世居治水、熟谙水性、通晓河道、累世治河、素有经验,可任治水之职、当此大任。”
尧帝彼时心知鲧性刚愎、执拗自用、好大喜功、行事偏激,恐其治水无功、徒劳民力、贻误苍生,故而迟疑不决、沉吟不语。
四岳再三固请,躬身进谏:“方今洪水肆虐、苍生危困、天下无措、百事停滞。朝堂百官之中,唯有鲧世代治水、深谙水道、熟稔山川、遍历河泽,当世无出其右者。事急矣,姑且试之,若其无功,再行罢黜,别无他选。”
尧帝从四岳之请,遂命崇伯鲧统领天下治水之事。鲧九年治水,固守堙塞之法、不知疏导之理、刚愎自用、固执己见,徒耗民力、虚费工时、治水无功、水患不息。九年之后,水患依旧、九州未宁、万民仍困。
及至舜摄天子大政,巡狩四方、核查功过、考黜百官,察鲧治水九年无绩、荒废天职、劳民伤财、贻误苍生,遂殛鲧于羽山,以正失职之罪。彼时朝野震动、诸侯惊惧、百官惶恐,无人敢议其是非。
唯独四岳从容立朝、秉持公心、不避牵连、不忧罪责,进言于舜帝:“昔日举荐鲧,乃臣等之过、臣等之责,非天子之失、非朝堂之过。臣等识人不明、察才不精、误荐庸臣、延误治水、累苦万民,罪在四岳,愿领其咎。然天下水患未平、苍生未安、治水大任不可久悬。鲧虽无功,其子禹天资卓绝、勤勉笃实、聪慧过人、熟谙水性、承父治水之学、更通疏导之理,可继其父业、终平水患。”
四岳不诿过、不避罪、坦荡为公、揽责于身,同时再举贤才、接续大任、安定天下。舜帝嘉其忠直、恕其前过、纳其良言,遂启用大禹,终成治水万世大功。四岳敢荐人、敢担责、敢直言、敢匡政,臣道之忠、公心之正,千古可鉴。
尧崩舜立,天下大定、百制维新。舜帝重整朝堂、厘定官制、分封藩牧、规整疆域,依旧尊崇四岳、倚为重臣,凡大典、大政、大封、大灾、大议,必咨于四岳、合议而定。四岳继续总领四方诸侯、调和邦国争端、督察方伯履职、通达朝野舆情、镇抚边远疆域,维系天下诸侯一统、九州疆域安定。
四岳之外,虞朝特设十二牧,为分镇九州、绥靖四海、巡察万邦、宣化帝德之镇守贤臣。舜帝既定中枢九官、定四方四岳,以为天下疆域辽阔、山海辽远、边鄙荒远、民俗各异、治理难周,单靠中枢朝臣、四方岳长,不足以遍察寰宇、广布德化、肃清边鄙、安定万民。
遂推演疆域、厘定封牧,分天下为十二州,每州设牧守一人,总领一州军政、教化、吏治、民俗、边防诸事,是为十二牧。十二牧皆遴选当世贤士、世族良臣、忠厚笃实、勤政爱民、熟谙边情、通晓民俗者任之。诸牧形貌各异、禀赋不同、各擅所长、各守一方,然共秉一志:布帝德、远佞邪、安百姓、和蛮夷、固疆域、清吏治。
十二牧受命之日,齐聚文祖之庙、肃立朝堂、恭听帝训。舜帝临朝,亲颁敕命、面授职守、严明臣规、确立牧道:“汝等十二牧,分镇天下十二州,为一方父母、万姓依托、疆域屏障。今授汝等镇守之权、宣化之责、督察之任。至任之后,当论帝德、行厚德、亲百姓、远佞人、革陋习、安边民、和部族、肃疆域。凡州内官吏怠政、豪强跋扈、民俗乖戾、部族纷争、边鄙不宁、民生困苦,皆汝等之责,务必悉心整治、全力
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